Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 992 Words

In Williams Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, tells a story of Hamlet who seeks revenge against his father’s murderer, who ends up being his uncle, King Claudius. In order to avenge his father’s death Hamlet believes he would need to distract the kingdom from them knowing what he is up to. Hamlet says to Horatio: â€Å"To put an antic disposition on† (Act.1, SC.5, Ln.171). By this statement Hamlet is letting Horatio know that he will pretend to go mad. Nevertheless, his false madness leads to him killing Polonius, who is the father of his lover Ophelia. Ophelia ends up going crazy after knowing her father was killed by Hamlet. Hamlet’s and Ophelia’s madness are both caused by their father’s death. However, Hamlet only pretends to be mad, while Ophelia goes insane. What better distraction than to let the people of the kingdom believe that love is the reason for Hamlets madness. Hamlet creates a distraction by letting Polonius believe that his love for Ophelia had caused him to go mad. Ophelia tells her father Polonius about the incident with Hamlet. She mentions â€Å"Lord Hamlet with his doublet all unbraced/ To Speak of horrors- he comes before me† (Act 2, SC.1, Ln. 77-83). This demonstrated how Hamlet looked crazy when he showed up in Ophelia’s chamber. Hamlet had his jacket unlaced and had an insane look on his face. The reason for his crazy appearances is because he needed to convince Ophelia that he is not the same Hamlet she knows of. In order for his plan to work he needed the kingShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. ConsequentlyRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and has trouble finding a way to deal with them. With so many corrupt people in his life, Hamlet feels as if there is no one that he can trust and begins to isolate himself from others. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

Tobacco Smoking And Its Impact On The Human Body - 796 Words

1. Tobacco smoking is one of the leading risk aspects for many diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, and cancers of the lung and multiple other sites (Zheng, 2014). ‘Cigarette smoking and its impact on fracture healing is article based on the chemicals used in cigarettes and the impact it has on the human healing process (Carter, 2015). Whereas ‘Burden of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality’ is a research on tobacco smoking over the age of 45 in Asia and the association of smoking and death (Zheng,2014). The Other risk links to smoking like consumption of alcohol and a lack of public awareness of the risks of tobacco. (107) 2. Cigarette smoking consists of over 3000 chemical components of which nicotine is the most significant substance (Carter, 2015).Other products such as tar which is absorbed by the lungs and can cause lung cells to die, Nitric oxides that can cause respiratory tract infections and carbon monoxide, are known to damage health and impact fracture healing. Nicotine plays a significant role in hindering blood flow by stimulating the release of a class of aromatic amines from the central nervous system and activating the constriction of vessel which increases blood pressure .Carbon Monoxide definitely plays a large role in damaging tissue oxygenation by attaching itself to the hemoglobin and dethroning oxygen molecules, so reducing the delivery of oxygen to peripheral tissue (Carter, 2015). Smoking damages wounds and soft tissueShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Public Places?1110 Words   |  5 Pages Will smoking be convenient in your life? Smoking is the rubbish commodity to buy, sell and to utilize it. Smoking nowadays is creating obstacles to non-smokers and in general pollution to the environment. Some people are habituated to smoking and is now have become a far- reaching issue. Due to smoking it will generate complications in the future. Smoking should be banned in public places. This includes it harms people nearby smokers, causes litter and people can be affected with long-term diseaseRead MoreHow Tobacco Affects The Human Body Essay970 Words   |  4 Pages Tobacco has more than 4000 substances in it. Nicotine is one of these chemicals in tobacco, which makes its user addicted to it. Also, Nicotine can affect the human body by speeding up the nervous system. Smokers feel more energized due to smoking tobacco. When people try to quit smoking, they experience the withdrawal effect. Many health problems are associated with smoking due to the fact that it alters how th e body is working. There are about 480,000 deaths related to smoking every yearRead MoreTobacco and Cigarette Smoking1030 Words   |  5 Pages One person dies every six seconds due to a tobacco related disease, which results in a shocking amount of ten deaths per minute. Tobacco is one of the most heavily used addictive products in the United States. Tobacco contains over 4,000 chemicals; approximately 250 are dangerously harmful to humans. Smoking is a major public health problem. All smokers face an increased risk of lung cancer, cardiovascular problems and many other disorders. Smoking should be banned due to the many health risksRead MoreCigarettes are Killing Us1489 Words   |  6 Pagessociety. Cigarettes and tobacco should become an illegal drug in North America. The negative traits of smoking outweigh the positive traits; tobacco should not be accessible to the public. â€Å"Smoking kills† these two words should be very familiar. The effects of first-hand smoke from cigarettes are pathetically publicize, barley educating the public about the dangers and life-threatening problems and illness associated with smoking. Although the understanding that smoking cigarettes can kill you hasRead MoreE Cigarettes, The Next Big Thing1612 Words   |  7 Pageswar against tobacco, or they are insidious menace that threatens to get kids hooked on nicotine and make smoking socially acceptable again† (Morin). E-cigarettes are now becoming more widespread, especially among young people. The electronic cigarette industry is growing rapidly in the United States due to the rising demand, which is stirring up opinions and research among the masses. While supporters argue that it is a safer and cheaper way of smoking and helpful for quality tobacco, opponents argueRead MoreTobacco Kills One Person Every Six Seconds (Sahil). The1678 Words   |  7 Pages To bacco kills one person every six seconds (Sahil). The use of tobacco has been around for many years, and it seems only to be getting worse. The human body is affected in an abundance of ways due to the abuse of tobacco products. If individuals would stop the use of tobacco, this would help prevent many diseases, negative health consequences and possibly early death according to their age. Tobacco use is a problem because, it causes numerous health effects on individuals, such as addiction, birthRead MoreHarmful Effects of Smoking1418 Words   |  6 PagesHarmful effects of smoking Doan Thi Huong Thao BAIU08155 International University HCMC Academic English 2 Bien Thi Thanh Mai Instructor May 17, 2010 Abstract Smoking is known to be a primary cause of harmful effects on health, family, environment and society. However, scientist research in health and environment, that researches show that smoking cause many diseases, even lung cancer. An aim of my study has been to determine that smoking also effect on family and society. Results indicatedRead MoreCancer: The Virulent Disease Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesAn ordinary human body contains approximately one trillion cells and precisely 46 chromosomes in each cell. However, the human body can be altered by a genetic mutation. Over the course of history, genetic mutations have had a large impact on the human race. They have brought harm to numerous amounts of people. Cancer, in particular, is one of the most lethal diseases. Cancer begins when a portion of DNA inside a chromosome is damaged, causing a cell to mutate. Then, the mutated cell reproduces multipleRead MoreArgumentative Essay Smoking845 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is a silent k iller. Smoking is the process of breathing in smoke from burning cigarette, tobacco and weed into the lungs, blood stream, and brain. Smoking does many dangerous things to the body of both smokers and nonsmokers that people are not aware of due to lack of education and social influence. Nonsmoker are affected just by inhaling the air filled with smoke from smoker. So even if I don’t smoke but have people around me that smoke can impact my health negatively. Generations unbornRead More Against Tobacco Essay1542 Words   |  7 PagesAgainst Tobacco â€Å"How-To† suicide kits are readily available all across the country. They are inexpensive and easy to purchase at the young age of eighteen! Sounds ridiculous, right? Maybe. Maybe not. I am referring to tobacco products. They are among some of the top selling products in our country, and a large contributor to our cancer epidemic

Informative Essay About the Twin Towers Going Green free essay sample

Now, a most amazing discovery among environmental issues has been found. The rubble of the world trade center could be a key point in rebuilding our ecosystem. This rubble, which causes so much pain for all those affected, is a horrifying sight to see. But this rubble is the basis for a future that sees a greener world. The greenest skyscraper in American history is being built out of the remains of the world trade center. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a verification system that was developed by the U.S. Green Building Council. They use this system to determine if a building, or even a community, is energy efficient. These standards include improving energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions, indoor environmental quality, and intelligent resource management. The new world trade center complex qualifies for the LEED gold certification, the next highest attainable status (below platinum). To achieve this status, the complex had to meet a number of huge r equirements. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Essay About the Twin Towers Going Green or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Among these requirements, this complex must have a net zero carbon footprint for all base building electricity consumption and reduction of the complexs energy consumption to 20 percent below New York States energy code requirements. The building is designed to achieve a gold level certification. Which, for a project of its size, would be a first of its kind. There are other buildings who’ve achieved platinum standard, but most definitely not on this scale. Since reducing the amount of energy is a huge factor in building the WTC, here are technological advances being used. If enough daylight is coming in through the window, then it automatically dims the interior lights. These will be located throughout the entire building. The occupants will also benefit from this. This reduces the rate of minor illnesses, promoting bone health, and increases the activity of natural killer cells simply by improving the quality of the light. Since the human body needs exposure to UVB light to synthesize vitamin D, they dim artificial lights and use ultra-clear glass to allow more natural light in. Also, when there’s no sun, the WTC complex employs hydrogen fuel cells to provide 1. 2 megawatts of power and steam turbines which take away the wasted steam that happens during steam generation and converts that into electricity. While the building is under construction, the Construction unit is requiring its contractors to use only ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels. These are a â€Å"clean diesel† that reduces nitrogen oxide and particulate emissions. These are considered to be the cleanest fuels available. This requirement was so effective on New York State that non-road construction equipment must be used on public construction projects. Plus, all construction vehicles are equipped with extra particulate filters to reduce the impact. CO2 monitors control ventilation and make the building healthier and improve indoor air quality. If the CO2 Sensor sends a signal to the air handler software, telling it you need more fresh air in a certain space because there’s more CO2 than there should be. Then, it automatically increases the fresh air mix coming into that space. In addition, the WTC will improve the air of the greater Manhattan Financial District by reducing the amount of vehicular traffic in the area by providing ample public transportation access and extensive facilities for bicycle commuters. The rain in New York City averages about 60 inches per year. Rather than lose the precipitation by letting it run out of gutters or into sewage pipes, the World Trade Center will collect that water and store it for later use in its new high-efficiency evaporative cooling towers and for irrigating greenery within the 16-acre building. New York requires significant air-conditioning service throughout the year. The occupants of the new WTC complex will stay frosty in even the muggiest of Autumnal weather thanks to the new and highly efficient 12,500-ton Central Chiller Plant (CCP) that uses water from the Hudson River to cool the WTC Transportation Hub, National September 11 Memorial and Museum, retail space and other non-commercial areas. Located in the far Southwest corner of the complex—roughly in the same area as the previous plant—the CCP employs water extracted through the River Water Pump Station on the other side of the West Side Highway, to chill (and heat, during the Winter) water for distribution to the rest of the complex. It will circulate 30,000 gallons of river water every minute. Thats enough to fill 750 bath tubs, flush 10,000 toilets, and cool the same amount as approximately 2,500 home air-conditioners. It uses the Hudson as a way of both dissipating heat and preheating water. Because water below a certain depth is a pretty constant temperature, during the winter it takes less energy to heat and circulate it, and conversely, in the summer it takes less to cool it. The new World Trade Center is already 75 percent old. Everything contains a minimum of 75 percent post-industrial recycled content. This reduces the environmental footprint, not only on-site, but reduces the stress on the natural resources and energy needed to produce them. At the same time, the WTC construction project recycles an incredible 80 percent of the waste generated at the site. The complex has exceeded the original target by about 20 percent. The contractors have been really good, and they’ve been watching and documenting how the material is recycled and sent back to the plants. So, as you can see, this is a phenomenal discovery, both environmentally and economically. This will benefit the future generations by saving energy. Starting with smaller buildings, and now to huge buildings like the new World Trade Center, human health, and environment health are getting better by day. With a healthy environment comes a healthy economy. We learn from our mistakes, and the USA will get better, one state at a time. A civilization can distinguish itself by how well it responds to disaster, and 10 years later, 9/11 is as much a story about recovery and rebuilding as it a story of terrible loss and tragedy. As a nation, our political and economic response has been imperfect, but the USA is focusing on the mechanical marvels that have helped us bounce back.

Smu Mba Assignment free essay sample

What aggregate planning strategies influence supply? Aggregate planning is also used to manage supply considerations by using the following strategies: 1. Subcontracting (outsourcing). Subcontracting is a method of increasing capacity without incurring large capital investment charges. It can turn the competitive advantage of other corporations to the contracting organization`s advantage. However, subcontracting can be costly, and also reveals part of the business to potential competitors. 2. Overtime and idle time. A direct short-term strategy for managing production capacity is to either increase or decrease the number of the work force. This strategy has the advantage of utilizing the currently existing work force. However, overtime is expensive and can produce job burnout if relied upon too extensively. On the other hand, enforcing idle time on the work force can result in resistance as well as a drop in morale. 3. Hiring and laying off employees. Hiring and laying off employees is a medium- to long-term strategy for increasing or decreasing capacity. We will write a custom essay sample on Smu Mba Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hiring employees usually involves the cost of training while laying off employees can incur severance charges. Laying off employees can also cause labor difficulties with unions and reduce morale A few minutes before the end of a live broadcast show, followed by another live broadcast show, people from both programmes will share some air time together. This may be used for people from the starting programme to anticipate its contents of the day, or to participate in an ongoing discussion in the previous show, or simply for an entirely independent debate or chat that will not be furthered after the â€Å"pase†. On the radio, where newscasts are usually broadcast every thirty minutes, often in coincidence with the end of a show, the â€Å"pase† may take some minutes before the news, and sometimes some minutes afterwards, too.

Free Essays on Atmosphere

There are many environmental problems that are currently plaguing the earth. Many of them are caused by humans and some just occur naturally. Environmental pollution isn’t just an issue that has just been noticed now. Investigators in England during 1661 noticed that emissions coming from industrial plants were contributing to pollution. While working as a consultant for the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government, Michael E. Kowalok wrote the article â€Å"Common Threads† expressing the concern for the environmental problems that are happening in the world and some of the obstacles that stand in the way of improvement. Many of the problems that are currently hurting the environment are acid rain, stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. As early as 1661, investigators realized that the waste product being released from smoke stacks in England were releasing harmful emissions that had the ability to change the environment. The main problem that they were concerned with was that it had the ability to travel long distances across Europe. The problem they were dealing with would later be known as acid rain. Britain’s first Alkali inspector Robert Angus Smith, noticed that the acidic rain made metals corrode and textiles to fade faster. In the book he wrote, â€Å"Air and Rain: The Beginnings of Chemical Climatology,† he explains the main principles that make up acid rain and the chemistry that makes it up. Scientists also 100 years later used the foundation of his research and went to Sweden to study different types of rain and noted that rain coming from the sea contained more salt and the rain coming from industrial areas contained more sulfuric acid. Connections were being made that ecosystems were bei ng polluted with acidic rain coming from industrial areas. Scientists were using data from other fields of research to help study their main areas a focus and research. Svante Oden is a soil scientists who ... Free Essays on Atmosphere Free Essays on Atmosphere There are many environmental problems that are currently plaguing the earth. Many of them are caused by humans and some just occur naturally. Environmental pollution isn’t just an issue that has just been noticed now. Investigators in England during 1661 noticed that emissions coming from industrial plants were contributing to pollution. While working as a consultant for the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government, Michael E. Kowalok wrote the article â€Å"Common Threads† expressing the concern for the environmental problems that are happening in the world and some of the obstacles that stand in the way of improvement. Many of the problems that are currently hurting the environment are acid rain, stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. As early as 1661, investigators realized that the waste product being released from smoke stacks in England were releasing harmful emissions that had the ability to change the environment. The main problem that they were concerned with was that it had the ability to travel long distances across Europe. The problem they were dealing with would later be known as acid rain. Britain’s first Alkali inspector Robert Angus Smith, noticed that the acidic rain made metals corrode and textiles to fade faster. In the book he wrote, â€Å"Air and Rain: The Beginnings of Chemical Climatology,† he explains the main principles that make up acid rain and the chemistry that makes it up. Scientists also 100 years later used the foundation of his research and went to Sweden to study different types of rain and noted that rain coming from the sea contained more salt and the rain coming from industrial areas contained more sulfuric acid. Connections were being made that ecosystems were bei ng polluted with acidic rain coming from industrial areas. Scientists were using data from other fields of research to help study their main areas a focus and research. Svante Oden is a soil scientists who ...

Harvard Referencing 4 Facts You Should Know

Harvard Referencing 4 Facts You Should Know Harvard Referencing: 4 Facts You Should Know Harvard referencing is a citation style used in higher education around the world, providing a quick way of referencing sources in academic writing. Its widespread use means that knowing how this system works is wise for any student. To help, then, we’ve prepared this quick guide explaining a few key facts you should know. 1. There is No Such Thing as â€Å"Harvard Referencing† Most people assume that Harvard referencing is associated with Harvard University, but there is no official connection. There is, in fact, technically no such thing as the Harvard referencing â€Å"system† at all. The school exists, though. You didnt imagine that. Rather, â€Å"Harvard referencing† is a generic term for parenthetical referencing. Therefore, â€Å"Harvard referencing† can mean a number of variations of the same basic rule set. As a result, the exact way to reference sources will depend on the version used. We could end each of the other points in this post by reminding you to check whether your school uses the same conventions, but we’ll just do it here once in big letters to save time: CHECK YOUR STYLE GUIDE! Got it? Cool. 2. Author–Date Citations All variations of Harvard referencing use an author–date format. This means giving the author’s surname and a year of publication for sources in parentheses, as well as relevant page numbers when quoting directly: Early humans â€Å"didn’t fly by helicopter† (Diamond, 1997, p. 49). If the author is named in the main text, there’s no need to duplicate it in the citation: According to Diamond (1997), Australia is unique in the history of human development. Each source cited in the text should also be added to a reference list at the end of your document. 3. When to Cite The key to good referencing is knowing when it’s necessary to cite a source. The main situations are when: Using a direct quotation Paraphrasing another author’s ideas or arguments Using a diagram or illustration from another source Using previously published data or results Summarizing a thinker’s beliefs or thoughts The key thing to keep in mind is that it’s the quality of citations that counts, not the quantity. You shouldn’t, therefore, worry about not having â€Å"enough† citations in your work, as long as you’ve clearly and consistently cited sources when required. 4. The Reference List Harvard referencing requires all cited sources to be included in a reference list with full publication information. The details to include for each source depend on its format, but the list itself should follow a few key conventions: List all cited sources (additional reading can be included separately) Sources should be ordered alphabetically by author surname Multiple works by the same author should be listed earliest first by publication date When a source has multiple authors, give all listed names (no matter how many) We hope this has clarified a few things, and don’t forget to check out the other Harvard referencing posts on our blog.

Professional Learning Communities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Professional Learning Communities - Assignment Example n ongoing, job-embedded; results driven and a professional development model that fosters collegiality and collaboration among the entire education setting. Alternatively, the intellectual goal of the mission was attained by contributing to some of the existing research bodies, which informs regarding the professional development practices (Baccellieri, 2010). Before implementing the process, the school had to communicate its vision first. In this case, individuals involved had to begin developing a shared vision that was grounded towards mutual understanding and trust. The vision in this case was supposed to be important while making important decisions regarding the learning institution. Alternatively, the vision was to show commitment of the school in attaining long-term objectives (Baccellieri, 2010). Therefore, the first step during the implementation process was to have a belief thus, how the school members were seeing the world, capabilities and skills that are conducive to the change. The principle of the school advocated for a person-centered type of approach especially towards the staff management. Alternatively, the development of the teachers became a priority. The second approach during the implementation process was building the relationships between the learners and the teachers. The focus in this case was the cognitive dimensions regarding the staff’s job (Buffum, 2009). The relationships were also built through recreational ways. Most of the activities done here were instrumental in building an effective atmosphere of trust among the members of the institution. After building the relationship between the members of the institution, the third principle during the implementation process was empowerment. In this case, the process entailed enabling the students, staff and the parents into participation and the contribution of emerging expertise for the benefit of the institution. In doing this, several circulating logistical information systems

Computers in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computers in Society - Essay Example These fives ways include; 1. Social networking -- many people belong to at least one social networking group like LinkedIn, Facebook or Twitter and they are actively talking to their friends and business associates about this election; you can even find this information on MySpace. 2. YouTube -- because YouTube has the ability to replay in video anything you want to replay, a viewer can find any speech that was given from the beginning of the 2008 campaign by any candidate necessary. 3. Network Journalism Sites -- any of the networks have full coverage of the debates and places like MSNBC will have a replay of all the debates, commentary and other information about the candidates as they happen. You can replay any of this information at any time. 5. Text messaging -- Mozes is one of many text messaging websites where an individual can go and create their own list of keywords. People who sign up to receive information from them can receive broadcasts about many different things. Some people are predicting that this is one way that candidates can set up broadcasts that allow people to know their schedules or to send out specific messages. Since both the Democratic and the Republican party already send out specific messages via phone, this will be another technology that can allow more information to get through to voters. According to Guy Kawasaki (2008) the Internet will have the most impact on the presidential election because it allows everyone to educate themselves about the candidates and what they are saying. They can read news, listen to the various debates and make up their own minds about how to vote. This also allows many different people to voice their opinions and opinions influence others. According to Kawasaki, "Much like radio for Roosevelt and TV for JFK, the 2008 race for the White House will be determined by candidates’ abilities to connect with and galvanize supporters online" (p. 25). Some people will

Effects of technology Essay Example for Free

Effects of technology Essay Technology is the specific scope of idea in which it reflects the overall application of knowledge towards the development of society (Bilton, 2007). In this aspect, greater improvements in the people’s way of life are the considerations involved in order to measure the effect of technology. Today, computers are among the most influential products of technology that have already changed the way people do their tasks. To evaluate the scale of such change, the realization that almost everything on this planet runs with the help of computers is a good aspect to consider. The most essential goal in fabricating computers was to help in the data process techniques to simplify the task of using them for everyday life. Since its inception in the middle of the 20th century, the social structures of the world population has already changed. The integration of computers to almost every type of tasks has made it much easier for people to complete responsibilities that would otherwise require enormous effort and time resources. An example on how computers have changed the society may be seen in the aspect of communications. Previously, the terms like internet, chat and video conferencing have no meaning. However, today’s computer technology has provided the essential convenience of communicating with another person from across any parts of the globe. A simple click on a web browser and sending an electronic letter is very much possible. It has provided greater channels for communications in a way that ease of use is not compromised. One more feature of computers, which modified the way society does things, is their capability of integrating with almost any other pre-existing devices. Today, television sets, cameras, bank machines, grocery scanners and vehicles are using devices that were primarily fabricated with the use of computers. Because of its capability to run tests for data management, it has been very easy for product manufacturers to see opportunities for technical improvements. Computers are now considered the basic platform that enables newer devices to run. Integrated circuits in all electronic devices are utilizing he same scope of computer based technology (Wikipedia, 2007). Lastly, computers are becoming the â€Å"multiplier† devices in which other patterned ideas will be introduced. Because of the scale of presence computers has in today’s society, a simple modification procedure to improve a product or service can cause greater developments for other segments of the public. Just like what happened in the business sector wherein almost all financial transactions are now done electronically. From a simple idea of using computers as a mean to collect money figures, it has developed into aspects no one has ever imagined before; internet banking, fund transfer-monitoring, calculations of stocks and online purchasing are no all possible with computer technology. Realizing the effect of technology in the lives of the people permits the society to consider developing more opportunities. With the significant social changes brought about by computer technology, people have been equipped to face the challenges of the future.

The History of Video Games Essay -- Video Games

The History of Video Games 1972, the year the first home video game system, named Odyssey, is released by Magnavox. This main games featured on this system were a light gun game and a tennis game. During the same time, a game by the name of Pong is a success in the public. It is because people wanted to play Pong in the comfort of their own homes, that they bought Odyssey. The system only sold around 100,000 units since Magnavox only sold the game system from their own stores, making consumers believe that the game system would only work on Magnavox TV sets. Things stay quiet until 1976. With the success of Atari (the makers of Pong), many game companies arise and try to release their own gaming systems. Due to the sudden high demands for electronics parts, many companies did not receive their products on time. During this time, Fairchild Camera and Instruments releases their game system, titled the Video Entertainment System, later renamed as Channel F. This is the first home system to have programmable video games via game cartridges. Users can now change games with by swapping in and out a game cartridge (which is about the size of a 8 track tape). 1977, Atari opens Pizza Time Theatre, a restaurant with coin operated arcade games and dancing and singing mechanical animals. Interestingly enough, the mascot of Pizza Time was a giant rat by the name of Chuck E. Cheese. Seeing the success they had with software, Atari decided they would debut their own cartridge based video game console, known as the Atari 2600. A year later, Midway games imports arcade game Space Invader by Japanese developer Taito, to the US. The game was a ... ...s project and ended its contract with Nintendo. It own focus on a next generation CD only gaming system aimed at defeating Nintendo. This Sony system later became the Sony Playstation (32bit) released in 1995. Along with the Playstation, other companies such as Nintendo and Sega releases their own 32bit system. In the end the Sony machine comes out on top. Meanwhile, Nintendo sticks with their cartridge based design and releases the 64bit Nintendo 64 gaming system. Unfortunately, due to high cost and limiting factor of cartridge systems, not many developers hopped on board. Fast forward to today, we have three major players in the field, Nintendo’s Gamecube, Sony’s Playstation 2 and the new comer, Microsoft’s XBOX. Sony still remains on top while XBOX and Gamecube fighting fiercely for number 2. Source Cited Gamespot.com. The History of Video Games Essay -- Video Games The History of Video Games 1972, the year the first home video game system, named Odyssey, is released by Magnavox. This main games featured on this system were a light gun game and a tennis game. During the same time, a game by the name of Pong is a success in the public. It is because people wanted to play Pong in the comfort of their own homes, that they bought Odyssey. The system only sold around 100,000 units since Magnavox only sold the game system from their own stores, making consumers believe that the game system would only work on Magnavox TV sets. Things stay quiet until 1976. With the success of Atari (the makers of Pong), many game companies arise and try to release their own gaming systems. Due to the sudden high demands for electronics parts, many companies did not receive their products on time. During this time, Fairchild Camera and Instruments releases their game system, titled the Video Entertainment System, later renamed as Channel F. This is the first home system to have programmable video games via game cartridges. Users can now change games with by swapping in and out a game cartridge (which is about the size of a 8 track tape). 1977, Atari opens Pizza Time Theatre, a restaurant with coin operated arcade games and dancing and singing mechanical animals. Interestingly enough, the mascot of Pizza Time was a giant rat by the name of Chuck E. Cheese. Seeing the success they had with software, Atari decided they would debut their own cartridge based video game console, known as the Atari 2600. A year later, Midway games imports arcade game Space Invader by Japanese developer Taito, to the US. The game was a ... ...s project and ended its contract with Nintendo. It own focus on a next generation CD only gaming system aimed at defeating Nintendo. This Sony system later became the Sony Playstation (32bit) released in 1995. Along with the Playstation, other companies such as Nintendo and Sega releases their own 32bit system. In the end the Sony machine comes out on top. Meanwhile, Nintendo sticks with their cartridge based design and releases the 64bit Nintendo 64 gaming system. Unfortunately, due to high cost and limiting factor of cartridge systems, not many developers hopped on board. Fast forward to today, we have three major players in the field, Nintendo’s Gamecube, Sony’s Playstation 2 and the new comer, Microsoft’s XBOX. Sony still remains on top while XBOX and Gamecube fighting fiercely for number 2. Source Cited Gamespot.com.

Circulatory Disorders- Dvt

Biology Unit 18- Assignment 4 Circulatory Disorders. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Overview Deep Vein Thrombosis, also known as DVT is a preventable circulatory disorder which occurs when a blood clot is formed in a deep vein, they usually develop in the lower leg, thigh, or pelvis, but can also occur in the arms. DVT can cause pain and swelling and can lead to complications such as a pulmonary embolism, however DVT is preventable and if diagnosed early treatable. How DVT forms (leg vein)Veins pass through the deep tissues of the legs; there are superficial veins located just below the surface of the skin and deep veins which run between muscles. These veins transport blood from the legs and feet back up to the heart. When a thrombosis (blood clot) forms in a superficial vein the condition is known as superficial thrombophlebitis, this is different to DVT and is not as serious. DVT occurs when a thrombus builds up in these deep veins which partly or completely block the flow of blood th rough the vein.Many blood clots are so small that our bodies can gradually break them down returning the flow back to normal. However when a large blood clot occurs It can completely block the flow of blood causing swelling and tenderness (although symptoms ar e not always visible). Blood clots can become extremely dangerous If a part of it breaks off and travels up to the lungs, this is called a pulmonary embolism, it is extremely dangerous and in worst cases can cause death. People At RiskAlmost anyone can contract DVT but there are factors which can significantly increase someone’s chances of developing the condition, especially if someone has one or more of these risk factors at the same time. Below are some of the factors which could increase the risk of contracting DVT: †¢ An injury to one of the deep veins caused by a fracture, severe muscle injury or major surgery. †¢ Slow blood flow caused by paralysis, sitting for a long time (especially with legs crossed, limited movement e. g a leg cast or confinement to a bed. Increased oestrogen for example during pregnancy, when using birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy. †¢ Certain chronic medical illnesses such as Cancer and it’s treatment, heart disease and lung disease. †¢ Previous DVT or family history of the disorder. †¢ Age, obesity, smoking or blood pressure. Symptoms of DVT Small blood clots which the body can gradually break down show no symptoms however large clots which partly or completely block the bloody flow cause symptoms such as swelling to the affected area, pain or tenderness, a change in colour of the skin or skin which feels warm or hot to touch.Diagnosing DVT A GP will ask about the symptoms you have and examine the area. If they think DVT is suspected a referral to a specialist is taken into action, at hospital the following tests will be conducted. †¢ D-Dimer- A test that measures the substance which develops when a blood clot bre aks down, if the test has a negative result it is unlikely that DVT is the problem. †¢ Doppler Ultrasound- A test using sound waves to look at your blood as it flows through your blood vessels, this is the best test to detect blood clots above the knee. Venogram- This is involves injecting a special dye into the suspected vein which shows up on an X-ray. Treatment When DVT is diagnosed Anticoagulant medicines are the standard treatment, these thin the blood by changing the chemicals wi thin it, they stop new clots from forming and old ones from getting bigger. Anticoagulants can’t dissolve clots you already have as your body will do that over time. Thrombolytic medicines are also sometimes used which dissolve the blood clots, although they can cause bleeding so are not usually the most common of treatments.Compression socks are also advised to be worn (sometimes for up to two years), these ease the pain, reduce swelling and help to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome Preven table Measures At Hospital: After being assessed for the risk of DVT a healthcare team will recommend various things to prevent blood clotting. If going into hospital and the patient is taking the combined contraceptive pill, using HRT or aspirin than they would be asked to stop taking these, usually 4 weeks for contraceptive pills or HRT and one week for aspirin. During Hospital :Whilst at hospital a healthcare team can do a number of things to reduce the risk of DVT such as providing anticoagulant medicines or advising the patient to wear compression stockings helping to keep the blood in your legs circulating or having the patient wear a compression device which is worn the same way as stockings but inflates at regular intervals to squeeze your legs and encourage blood flow. When leaving hospital: If continuing treatment is necessary the patient will be asked to continue wearing compression stockings or taking anticoagulant medicines. Lifestyle:We can do several things by adaptin g our lifestyle which will considerably reduce our chances such as getting regular exercise, not smoking, keeping at a healthy weight and eating healthy Travelling: When travelling for long distances it is important to perform leg exercises and keep moving if possible, by drinking plenty of water and avoiding alcohol this will decrease the chances, wearing compression stockings can also help.References Internet: Bupa. (2009) ‘Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)’http://hcd2. bupa. co. uk/fact_sheets/html/deep_vein_thrombosis. html#2 Accessed on 20/10/10 CDC. 2010) ‘Facts about deep vein thrombosis’ http://www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/dvt/508-DVTFactSheet. pdf Accessed on 20/10/10 NHS. (2010) ‘Deep vein thrombosis’ http://www. nhs. uk/conditions/deep-vein-thrombosis/Pages/Introduction. aspx Accessed on 17/10/10 NHS. (2010) ‘Deep vein thrombosis – Prevention’ http://www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Deep-vein-thrombosis/Pages/Prevention. aspx Accessed on 18/10/10 Electronic Journal: Cayley,W. (2007) ‘Preventing deep vein thrombosis in hospital inpatients’ British Medical Journal http://www. bmj. com/content/335/7611/147. full? sid=69a2603d-597a-45dd-b164-699d873e01f5 Accessed on 22/10/10 Books: Mackean, D. (2002) Gcse Biology 3rd ed. London, UK: Hodder Education Boyle, M. (2008) Collins Advanced Science – Human Biology 3rd ed. London, UK: Collins Educational Reference Evaluation: All recourses used as a reference have been carefully selected and are reliable based upon many factors including Authors credentials, recent published dates, up to date editions and scholarly publishers. After an initial appraisal I then examined the body of the source, for example the National Health Service is politically accountable to the relevant devolved government and will always hold the most up to date and accurate information.

K-12 Curriculum Essay

Poverty * One of the biggest problems we Filipinos suffer. In reality, PHILIPPINES IS NOT A POOR COUNTRY. The problem is that wrong people mismanage and misgovern the budget of our country. Because of this mismanagement, citizens suffer and pay the price. And now, they’re implementing this curriculum that would be another burden to us Filipinos. If 10 years is already a big thing for parents, then what more is 12 years of sending their children to schools? Yes, there are public schools all around our country, but think about it. Many parents are minimum-wage-earners and aside from the education of their children, there are still other important things included in their monthly budget. So why add 2 more years in the basic education of an average Filipino? Lack of Excellent teachers * In our present time, we see that teachers are indemand and in the curriculum they implemented, teachers are needed. MORE EXCELLENT teachers are needed to be able to produce globally competitive students. There are many taking Education as their course but where are they? Most of them are working overseas. A proof that Philippines doesn’t need to adopt the education system of other countries for Filipinos to be successful and productive citizens. Now that K-12 program is already in use, the government should figure out how and where can they get the people to produce competitive, bright students. Lack of facilities, classrooms and equipments * We all have to accept the fact that in terms of facilities, classrooms and equipments in the schools in the Philippines, our country is underprivileged. For a good quality of education, a comfortable place to study is a big factor affecting this. Even before, classrooms are already inadequate, just think about adding more years in high school. Before the government have decided about a new education system, it could have been better if they solved the problems in the education in the Philippines first. We already have a good quality of education in our country, there are just some points we need to improve. Better education is needed not MORE education. If the government just used the allotted budget for this project to solve other economic issues, it could have helped more Filipinos. To cut everything short, there is just one thing I’d like you to comprehend. The answer to the question is simply NO.

How Film Producers Analyze Your Screenplay

How Film Producers Analyze Your Screenplay When an actor reads a script, he’ll think about how to approach his character, his motivation, his arc. When a cinematographer reads that same script, he’s thinking about lighting, camera angles, and what cinematic style to employ. The art director thinks about how to use design principles and visual techniques, while the editor assesses how everything will cut together. But what about the producer? After all, she’s the creative gatekeeper who has committed to bringing all these people together to turn your script into a movie. What does she look for? In short, everything. (Albeit from a macro level.) Because if she doesn’t understand what the script needs, how will she assemble the right team for it? Moreover, how will she find its audience? Below are six main areas that a good producer will consider when reviewing your script. Story The producer wants fleshed-out characters, dramatic tension, coherent theme, and appropriate narrative structure. These are the underpinnings of viable cinematic storytelling. The story should resonate with your target demographic – whether through comedy, drama or thrills – ultimately offering a two-hour journey that encourages the willing suspension of disbelief. Bottom line, you can take a great story and make a so-so movie, but you’ll never turn a so-so story into a great movie. Budget Producers are not only the film’s creative shepherds but also its fiscal ones. They’re responsible for deciding how much the film should cost and then securing that amount from investors. They also maintain a fiduciary duty to make choices that will benefit those investors. Smaller stories that require over-the-top set pieces or excessive visual effects might turn what would otherwise be a greenlight into a pass. Similarly, material with a low-budget feel might turn off a producer seeking something with wide theatrical appeal. Cast The right cast is almost indispensable to selling a film, so it’s no great mystery why producers rarely read a script without thinking about who would play key roles. Think about known actors whose look, style and personality might best befit the characters and let that inform your writing. The producer may ask you who you see playing those characters. Just make sure the actors you pick have a decent track record of starring in successful films. Execution Logistics At the end of the day, remember that the producer is tasked with turning your words into images. That means finding the right locations, hiring the best crew, securing vendors, determining a feasible schedule, and doing it all in a way that protects the integrity of both the story and budget. If she sees a workable path for bringing your script to screen within the budget parameters, she’s more likely to take a chance on it. Marketing Loving a script is not enough. The producer wants to know that others will love it, too. Those people will make up the movie’s audience. As she reads, she’ll be thinking about how to grab the audience’s attention before they ever buy a ticket, from posters (how will the stars look on it?) to trailers (are there some good action-oriented set piece moments?) to awards potential (can I parlay a win at Cannes into an Oscar?). Considering such things in the scripting stage yourself might make your material more marketable. Distribution A feature film is ultimately a product. Making it is only the first step. Releasing it to an audience is the rest. The producer thinks about which distributors, sales agents, and platforms will find the story appealing, whether it be a made-for-TV movie, an international blockbuster, or a small Spanish-language indie for the Latin streaming market. Elements like scope, scale, plot, tone, genre, cast type, and marketability factor into this decision, so your understanding of such things help you better craft material. Summary These six elements are critical to how a producer analyzes a screenplay, but they don’t operate in a vacuum. They all relate and affect each other. For instance, story and budget will affect the level of cast you can attract, while all three will affect logistics. Cast and budget will affect the marketing plan, and so on. As such, multi-hyphenates like writer-producers who actually produce some of their own material are in the best position to consider another producer’s mindset when writing future scripts. For further insights, here is part of an interview I did with Film Courage on this topic: https://youtu.be/PAz-hW_Vym0

Ideas for Teaching Life Skills in School

Ideas for Teaching Life Skills in School Functional life skills are skills that we acquire in order to live a better, more fulfilling life. They enable us to exist happily in our families, and in the societies in which we are born. For more typical learners, functional life skills are  often directed at the goal of finding and keeping a job. Examples of typical functional life skills topics for curricula are preparing for job interviews, learning how to dress professionally, and how to determine living expenses. But occupational skills are not the only area of life skills that can be taught in schools. Kinds of Life Skills The three major life skills areas are daily living, personal and social skills, and occupational skills. Daily living skills range from cooking and cleaning to managing a personal budget. They are the skills necessary for supporting a family and running a household. Personal and social skills help nurture the relationships that students will have outside of school: in the workplace, in the community, and the relationships they will have with themselves. Occupational skills, as discussed, are focused on finding and keeping employment. Why Are Life Skills Important? The key element in most of these curricula is a transition, preparing students to eventually become responsible young adults. For the special ed student, transition goals may be more modest, but these students also benefit from a life skills curriculum- perhaps even more so than typical learners. 70-80% of disabled adults are unemployed after graduating from high school when with a head start, many can join the mainstream of society. The list below is intended to provide teachers with great programming ideas to support responsibility and life skills training for all students. In the Classroom Help with taking down or putting up bulletin boards.Care for plants or pets.Organize materials such as pencils, books, crayons, etc.Hand out completed assignments.Distribute newsletters or other materials.Help with checklists for money for trips, food, or permissions forms.Clean chalk- or whiteboards and brushes. In the Gym Help with any setup.Prepare the gym space for assemblies.Help to keep the gyms storage room organized. Throughout the School Pick up and deliver audio/visual equipment to classrooms.Help in the library by returning books to shelves and repairing damaged books.Wipe down computer monitors and shut them down each day.Clean the computer keyboards with slightly damp paintbrushes.Distribute the attendance records back to classes for the morning.Help keep the teachers lounge tidy. Help in the Office Bring mail and newsletters to the staff mailboxes or deliver to each of the classrooms.Help photocopy materials and count them into their piles as per need.Collate photocopied materials.Alphabetize any files that need sorting. Supporting the Custodian Help with regular school maintenance: sweeping, floor polishing, shoveling, window cleaning, dusting, and any outdoor maintenance. For the Teacher Everyone needs life skills for daily, personal functioning. However, some students will require repetition, redundancy, review and regular reinforcement to become successful. Dont take anything for granted.Teach, model, let the student try, support and reinforce the skill.Reinforcing may be required on each new day the child performs the skill required.Be patient, understanding and persevere.

After the tan lines have aded Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

After the tan lines have aded - Essay Example Cancer is probably the most alarming illness that can claim thousands of lives in just a year. While some may be cured with the use of the latest technologies, others are just too severe that several treatments are not an assurance that a person will be able to live a normal life after undergoing a number of therapies and medicine intakes. So, should indoor tanning be banned for minorsThere are several factors which contribute to having a skin cancer and perhaps the most common and well known cause of it is too much exposure in the sun. It is not new to almost everyone that the sun's ray is at its strongest from 10:00 AM until 4:00 PM so it is advisable that if one is going to go outside between the said periods of time, it is recommended to apply sunscreen, wear a hat or even sun glasses to protect the eyes. Nevertheless, in a recent survey conducted by American Academy of Dermatology, over 10,000 young people ages 12-18 from all 50 states, found that the use of sunscreen on sunny d ays was practiced by only 34.4 percent. The said survey also discovered that natural sunlight wasn't the only significant source of UV exposure for teens nowadays. Approximately 10 percent of teens had used tanning beds. (http://medi-smart.com)Tanning is "IN", or so what these teens thought. And who does not want a sun-kissed look everyday The look of summer never fails to leave a sexy impression on almost everyone that girls of any age would do almost anything just to get that "just got from the beach" look. Almost any thing that they are even willing to take their lives is at risk. With indoor tanning, those who wish to achieve a bronze look don't need to wait for summer to come or pray for a good weather for sun bathing. Because anytime of the day, regardless of the climate and weather, one can obtain a perfect tan she has always wanted by just merely going to a tanning salon. However, although indoor tanning is a booming business in the United States, generating estimated revenues in excess of $5 billion a year, several skin specialists, including WHO (World Health Organization) says tanning beds could be responsible for an epidemic of skin cancer in the future because teens love to tan. (http://www.poynter.org) In Canada, the National Cancer Institute estimated that doctors will detect more than 80,000 skin cancer cases, and up to 5,000 of those will be melanoma. (http://www.cyc-net.org) Malignant melanoma is a less common, but a potentially deadly, type of skin cancer. Melanoma has been linked to intense intermittent and long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation during childhood or the teenage years, (http://www.crd.bc.ca) and an awful truth is that public health officials in Ontario, Canada learned that tanning salons were even catering to children as young as eight. (http://www.skincancer.org) In light with this, this study will find out if indoor tanning is one of the main causes of skin cancer of minors and if there are other side effects of this. Also, this study will give rise to a supposition if it is recommended to be used by people who are below 18 years of age. This will also discuss further the current Bylaw Regulating Tanning Facilities and if this law is enough to defend the teenagers out there on the possible hazards of indoor tanning. Basking under the sun has been one of the favorite past times of the people especially during summer. Strolling along the beach in a stunning bikini and a perfect tan line to boot never fails to get a second glance from anyone. Nowadays, being tan is already becoming a fashion statement that almost everyone is dying to achieve the sexy tan lines they get from

Constructing Narratives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Constructing Narratives - Essay Example Therefore, in order to enhance their narrative construction, ELL students need to be aware of various elements of language use. This paper will consider the function of storytelling in facilitating the ELL’s capacity to construct narratives, describing the various ways in which storytelling enhances these students’ capacity to recount events. This paper will also examine what ELL students need to be aware of regarding language use so as to enhance their construction of written and oral narrative. All over the world, people convey stories to their children. Storytelling is a universal action, which is perhaps the most dominant kind of discourse. Through making use of stories and storytelling, ELLs having different beliefs and religious and cultural backgrounds can exist harmoniously in the classroom environment. Storytelling and stories essentially provide students from different religious, cultural and linguistic backgrounds an effective mechanism for appreciating their world, connecting both with their cultures, as well as the cultures of other students and expressing themselves effectively to others (Diaz-Rico & Weed, (2006). The essence of storytelling is a communicative device, which requires the storyteller and listener to work together collaboratively as transmitters and receivers of both ideas and thoughts. Therefore, in the context of an ELL classroom, storytelling is a means of communication, which allows student storytellers and listeners to share, combine and exchange their experiences in order to create associations and connections. Storytelling helps construct narratives by teaching ELLs about life, about themselves and about other students. Storytelling creates cultural understanding, which, in turn, enhances the students’ capacity to explore various aspects of their lives, thereby creating narratives based on their cultural roots. Within the context of constructing narrative, storytelling allows ELLs gain insights into variou s values and traditions and consider new ideas. Furthermore, storytelling enhances children’s capacities to empathize with unfamiliar situations and places. The development of narrative is also possible through storytelling because stories enable children to reveal their commonalities and differences in the cultures represented in the ELL classroom, particularly by enabling children to open up with regard to their cultural roots. Storytelling and stories also promote narrative creation among ELLs by promoting students’ relaxation and overall well-being (Bruner, 2002). This is primarily because storytelling enhances the willingness of ELL students to communicate their feelings and thoughts. This, in turn, enhances the construction of narrative. Additionally, stories and storytelling encourage ELLs to participate actively in all aspects of their classrooms and lessons, for instance, the construction of narrative, particularly with regard to verbal narrative. Overall, mos t stories involve the explanation of various actions taken by the storyteller to achieve a certain result (Craig, Hull, Haggart & Crowder, 2001). As a consequence, storytelling typically entails an extensive use of words for recounting purposes. In essence, storytelling within the ELL classroom helps ELL students enhance their verbal proficiency, thereby enhancing their narrative capabilities. In addition, stories have

What does it mean to be the best qualified Assignment

What does it mean to be the best qualified - Assignment Example Managers know that they would do their best to maintain their integrity once they are offered a chance for they know that they do not have many alternatives waiting for them in the market. Also, people who are not the toppers in their academic career are generally more active and brilliant on the practical side. â€Å"Testing for job skills is appropriate, although employers need to be wary of testing for attributes which do not relate to the requirements of the job.† (Rey and Mignin, 2008, p. 62). It is not fundamentally important for an individual to be pre-equipped with all the knowledge and expertise required for a particular job. What is more important for managers is to make sure that the individuals they hire, have enough spark and talent to fit into the organization as a responsible employee and develop the necessary skills in the least possible time. Such people are indeed, the best qualified for the

Solenoid Operated Piston Pump Engineering Essay

Solenoid Operated Piston Pump Engineering Essay This project is aimed at analysing and designing a solenoid operated piston pump which is capable of delivering solution (this report assumes water) at a flow rate of 1 litre/min. However, the customer usage requires the flow rate to remain between 0.9 and 1.1 litre/min at an ambient pressure of about 1 bar. The operation mode of the piston pump is described below using the diagram: OscillPistonPump Fig 1.1 Solenoid Operated Piston Pump1 The solenoid coil (4) generates an electromagnetic field by the single wave diode rectified current flowing through the coil. Each current pulse moves the piston (5) against the pressure spring (3). This movement reduces the volume in the suction chamber causing an increase in pressure (P a 1/V), which opens the valve (6) in the piston, thereby allowing the liquid to run into the pressure side. When the current acting on the solenoid pulse is off, the pressure spring pushes back the piston toward the pressure side. The increase of pressure caused by the piston movement closes the piston valve (6) and the liquid flows through the valve (7) set in the pressure connection (8) and into the pressure pipe. The piston movement also simultaneously increases the volume in the suction chamber, thereby reducing the pressure below the chamber. The low pressure in the suction chamber opens the valve (2) set in the suction connection (1), and the liquid is sucked into the pump and the cycle starts again. The piston size and the length of its displacement define the flow rate. The pump will run without damage when the liquid flow is stopped momentarily1. This design concentrated on the piston, suction chamber and pressure springs design. Although references were made to the valves and solenoid force, engineering analysis were not carried out on them. CHAPTER 2 INITIAL ENGINEERING DESIGN ANALYSIS This section considered the engineering analysis of the operation of the piston pump to achieve the require specifications. The given specifications are; Flow rate Q = 1 Lit/min Frequency F = 60 cycles/sec Ambient Pressure = 1 bar Using the above specifications, the length of stroke of the piston, which is also termed as the â€Å"Swept Volume†, can be calculated using the relation below: Q = Volumetime=Volume Ãâ€"frequency = Ï€ d2 L4 Ãâ€"f ∠´L= 4QÏ€d2f Where: Q = Flow Rate =1 lit/min= 1.667 Ãâ€"104 mm3/sec f = Frequency (cycles/sec) L = Length of stroke/Swept volume (mm) d = Diameter of piston/suction chamber (mm) The diameter was varied from 1 to 20 mm and the corresponding lengths of stroke were obtained at different frequencies of 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 cycles/sec. The results obtained were plotted (See appendix 1). After careful look, the frequency at 40 cycle/sec, so subsequent calculations would be based on this. It was also noticed that reasonable pair of dimensions of the diameter and length occurred around the diameters 5-10mm, therefore subsequent calculations were based on this range. 2.1 LOAD ANALYSIS The load analysis was carried out on each component designed as indicated below: A. Piston: The load analysis on the piston was done by isolating the piston and analysing the forces acting it. The different forces acting on the piston are as shown below: Force on piston causing acceleration Magnetic force from solenoid coil Resultant spring force Kinematic frictional force Gravitational force Resultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect) This is assuming that atomic, initial static frictional force and temperature effects are negligible. The force analyses were carried out considering three different cases under which the pump operation can undergo. The intake and ejection strokes were also analysed separately to reduce complications. The difference between the intake and ejection stroke is that, the magnetic force from the solenoid is zero during ejection, because the solenoid is off: Case I: This is when the piston pump is used horizontally, that is, it is used to pump fluid on the same datum. This means that the gravitational effect and the height difference in the hydraulic force will be zero. The relationship between the forces will therefore be: Intake stroke: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Ejection stroke: Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Case II: This considered the case when the pump is used to transfer fluid from a higher level to a lower level. This means that the gravitational effect will favour the direction of flow therefore reducing the force needed to drive the piston. The relationship between the forces will therefore be: Intake stroke: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational force Ejection stroke: Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational force Case III: This considered the case when the piston pump is used to deliver fluid from a lower level to a higher level. The difference between this case and case II is in the gravitational effect and the datum difference in the hydraulic effect. The design load analysis was done under this circumstance because pumps are usually used for this particular purpose. Even with this design concept, the pump can still be used for other cases, but it might deliver fluid at a higher flow rate, which could still be in the boundaries of the given tolerance of the flow rate. The relationship between the forces will therefore be: Intake stroke: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational force Ejection stroke: Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational force. The different forces were calculated as follows using the free body diagram of the piston shown below: Figure 2.1 Boundary conditions of intake and ejection strokes Force from solenoid coil= Fs Force on piston causing motion = Mpa Where Mp = mass of piston kg and a = acceleration of piston (mm/s2) Mp= Ï  Ãâ€"V Ï  = Density of material (Stainless steel) =8Ãâ€"10-6 (kg/mm3) V=Volume of fluid displced in one stroke mm3= Q Ãâ€"t= Qf where f=45 cycles/sec=90 strokes/sec (2 strokes=1 cycle) Mp= Ï  Ãâ€" Qf=8Ãâ€"10-6 Ãâ€" 1.667 Ãâ€"10490=1.482Ãâ€"10-3 From law of motion; v2= u2+ 2aS u = 0 ∠´a=v22S Also v= St= S Ãâ€"f v=Velocity (mm/s) and S= L=Length of stroke (mm) ∠´a=L Ãâ€"f22L= L Ãâ€" f22= L Ãâ€" 9022 The length was varied from 5 to 10 mm, and different accelerations were obtained (See appendix 2). Resultant spring force = K2∆x- K1∆x= ∆xK2- K1= ∆x∆K Where K1 and K2=Stiffness of springs 1 and 2 respectively (N/mm) ∆x=L=Stoke length (mm) Kinematic frictional force = ÃŽ ¼kÃâ€"N= ÃŽ ¼kÃâ€"Mpg Where ÃŽ ¼k=Coefficient of kinematic friction N=Normal force= Mpg g=acceleration due to gravity=9810 mm/s2 Gravitational force = Mpg Hydraulic force = Total Change in Pressure ∆P (N/mm2)Surface Area of Piston A (mm2) From Bernoulllis equation   P1Ï g+ V122g+ Z1= P2Ï g+ V222g+ Z2 ∆P= P1-P2=Ï V22-V122+ ∆ZÏ g Q= A1V1= A2V2 ,   then V2= QA2= A1V1A2 and V1= QA1 ∆P= Ï A1V1A22-V122+ ∆ZÏ g= V12Ï 2 A1A22- 1+ ∆ZÏ g ∆P= Ï  Q22A12A1A22- 1+ ∆ZÏ g Where Q= Flow rate (mm3/s) , Ï  =density of water =1Ãâ€"10-6 (kg/mm3) A1and A2=Area mm2   and V1 and V2=Velocity (m/s) ∆Z=L=Length of Stroke mm Including the discharge coefficient C = 0.98 to account for viscous effect, ∆P therefore becomes: ∆P= Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g ∠´ Hydraulic force = Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gSurface Area of Piston A mm2 = Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA2- A1 The forces were algebraically added according the ejection stroke equation developed above (case III) to obtain ?K at different diameter of pistons, fixing inner diameter of Piston D2 (corresponding to A2) = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5mm (See appendix 3). Force causing motion = Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force Gravitational force. Mpa= L ∆K- Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA2- A1- ÃŽ ¼kMpg- Mpg ∆K= 1LMpa+ ÃŽ ¼kg+g+ Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA2- A1 The hydraulic effect is due to the fluid forced out from the suction chamber into the outlet. Therefore the A1 and A2 will be the area of the piston and the outlet, corresponding to diameters D1 and D2 respectively. Also the outlet diameter was assumed to be equal to the inner diameter of the piston. The results obtained for difference in stiffness ?K above, were used to obtain the force from solenoid coil Fs using the injection stroke equation above. Also different diameter of piston were used while varying the inner diameter of piston D2 (corresponding to A2) = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5mm (See appendix 4). Considering the intake stroke equation for case III: Force causing motion = Force from solenoid Resultant spring force Resultant hydraulic force Frictional force + Gravitational force Mpa= Fs-L∆K- Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ gA1- ÃŽ ¼kMpg+ Mpg Fs= Mpa+ ÃŽ ¼kg-g+L∆K+ Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g A1 The hydraulic effect is due to the change in pressure as the fluid passes through the piston, because of the reduction in area. Therefore the A1 and A2 will be the area of the piston outer and inner diameter, corresponding to diameters D1 and D2 respectively. B. Pressure Springs: The load analysis of the spring was also done by isolating the spring and analysing the forces acting it. Considering the ejection stroke of upper spring (spring 1), the different forces acting on the spring are as shown below: Force on piston causing acceleration Spring force Resultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect) This is assuming that the frictional force on spring is negligible because the surface area contacting the wall is small. Force causing motion = Spring force + Resultant hydraulic force Mpa= LÃâ€"K1+ Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g A1 K1=1LMpa- Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g A1 ∠´K2=K1+∆K Where Force on springs Fsk=KÃâ€"Length of stroke The values of stiffness of springs 1 and 2 were calculated using the relationships above at different outer and inner diameters of the piston. The graphs were plotted to see the variations (See appendix 5 and 6). C. Inlet Valve and Spring: Considering also the inlet valves and analysing the forces acting it, the injection stroke is caused by an increase in volume of the suction chamber, causing a corresponding decrease in pressure. Therefore the different forces acting on the inlet valve are given below: Inlet spring force at compression Resultant hydraulic force (including assumed viscous effect) This is assuming that the frictional force and gravitational force on the valve is negligible because the valve is light. Resultant Pressure Change= ?P From Gas Law: P1V1= P2V2 P1 and P2 are the initial and final pressures of both the inlet and suction chamber respectively (N/mm2). The initial pressure P1 is assumed to be equal to the external pressure which is given to be equal to the atmospheric pressure Pa = 1 bar = 0.1 N/mm2. That is why fluid is not flowing because there is no pressure difference, or P1 was higher than Pa P2= P1V1V2= PaV1V2 where V2=V1+Vs and Vs=Swept Volume per stoke Vs=Flow rateFrequency in stroke/sec=1.667Ãâ€"10490 =185.22 mm2/stroke P2= P1V1V1+Vs ∆P1=Change in pressure due to swept volume= Pa-P2 ∆P1=Pa-PaV1V1+Vs=Pa V1+Vs-PaV1 V1+Vs=PaV1-PaV1+PaVsV1+Vs=PaVsV1+Vs Where V1 = VT and it is the total volume of the inlet spring area, suction chamber and the inner space of the piston. ∆P2=Pressure Change due to area changes ∆P2=Ï  Q22C2A12A1A22- 1+ LÏ g The above pressure change is the sum of the pressure changes from the inlet through suction chamber and into pistons inner diameter. This is negligible because the pressure drops as it enters the suction chamber and increases as it enters the inner diameter of piston, thereby almost cancelling out. ∆P=∆P1=PaVsVT+Vs Hydraulic force=spring force at compression ∆P1A3=PaVsA3VT+Vs= K3x3 PaVs=K3x3A3VT+ K3x3A3Vs VT=PaVs- K3x3A3VsK3x3A3 Where A3=Inlet area mm2, K3=Inlet Spring Stiffness (N/mm) and x3=Spring movement=Valve lifting mm The values the total internal volume VT was obtained at different values of the diameter of the inlet D3 (corresponding to A3). The value of the spring force K3x3 was varied from 0.01 to 0.05 N and the variations were plotted to see an appropriate one (See appendix 7). 2.2 Component Design and Selection The component design has been carried out along with the load analysis shown above. The desired dimensions for different components were then selected after a careful study and analysis of the graphs plotted. The dimensions were selected based on those that satisfy the required specifications, reasonably able to be manufactured and can be selected from the manufacturers catalogue as in the case of the springs2. Below are the component dimensions: Solenoid: Solenoid Frequency: 45cycles/sec = 90 strokes/sec Force from solenoid coil: 108.8N Length of stroke: 7.367 mm Piston: Piston outer diameter: 8 mm Piston inner diameter: 2 mm Springs: Pressure spring 1 rate = 5.771 N/mm Force on spring 1 = Rate * length of stroke = 5.771 * 7.367 = 42.515 N Pressure spring 2 rate = 14.683 N/mm Force on spring 1 = Rate * length of stroke = 14.683 * 7.367 = 108.17 N From the above calculations and estimated values of the spring rates, the most accurate spring chosen from the compression spring catalogue are (see appendix 8 and 9): Spring 1: C6609150 Wire diameter: 1.02 mm Outer Diameter: 7.62 mm Free length: 15.88 mm Rate: 5.81 N/mm Spring 2: D22110 Wire diameter: 1.25 mm Outer Diameter: 7.55mm Free length: 17mm Rate: 15.03 N/mm Inlet: Inlet spring stiffness = 0.02 N/mm Inlet spring length = 9.804 mm Inlet diameter = 1.78 mm 2.3 Stress Analysis The stress analysis was carried out on just two components as shown below. This was because these are the two components whose failure affects the pump operation most. A. Piston: The two stresses acting on the piston are normal and shear stresses which is given as. Stress (N/mm2) sij= Force (N)Area (mm2) The notation is to differentiate between the direction and plane of action, where the first digit represents the plane of action and the second digit represents the direction of force. When the notations are different, it signifies shear stress and when the notations are the same it means normal stress. The force on the piston varies as the piston goes through the cycle, therefore the different forces and principal stresses were calculated as the spring compresses and stretches. This was shown in appendix 10 and 11, but the calculations of the maximum and minimum principal stresses at the springs peak are shown below. The principal stresses were calculated because they are the cause of fracture in a component3. Considering the piston and spring 1: Fig 2.2: Stresses acting on piston from spring 1 and wall3 s11= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction s12= Force from SolenoidSurface area of piston= Fsp Do Lp= 108.8pÃâ€"8Ãâ€"15=0.2886 N/mm2 Where D0=Outer diameter of piston mm, Lp=Length of Piston (mm) s22= Force from spring 1Outer Area-Inner Area= K1Lp4 Do2- Di2 s22=5.771 Ãâ€"7.367p4 82- 22= 42.51547.1239=0.9022 N/mm2 s21= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction Considering the piston and spring 2: s11= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction s12= Force from SolenoidSurface area of piston= Fsp Do Lp= 108.8pÃâ€"8Ãâ€"15=0.2886 N/mm2 Where D0=Outer diameter of piston mm, Lp=Length of Piston (mm) s22= Force from spring 2Outer Area-Inner Area= K2Lp4 Do2- Di2 s22=14.638 Ãâ€"7.367p4 82- 22= 107.838147.1239=2.2884 N/mm2 s21= 0 because there is no horizontal force in that direction The total principal stress which is the usual cause of fracture was calculated using the total normal stresses from the springs and the shear stress from solenoid. Total shear stresses: Ts12=s12 from Spring 1+ s12 from Sprig 2=0.2886+0.2886= 0.5772 Total normal stresses: Ts22=s22 from Spring 1+ s22 from Sprig 2=0.9022+2.2954= 3.1976 Therefore the principal stresses: s11s22- s(s11+s22)+s2-s122=0 0Ãâ€"3.1976- s(0+3.1976)+s2-0.57722=0 s2-3.1976s-0.3331=0 Principal stresses; smin=-0.101 N/mm2, smax=3.2986 N/mm2 B. Pressure Springs: The major stress acting on the spring is shear stress acting on the coils. The force and consequentially the shear stress on the springs vary as the piston deflection (i.e. length of stroke) increases and decreases. The various forces and shear stresses were calculated and the graph plotted (see appendix 12). But the calculation of the maximum shear stress, which occurs at the full deflection is shown below4: Fig 2.4: Force acting on spring4 Shear stress tmax= 8FDWpd3 Where F=Force on spring N D=Mean outer diameter of spring mm d=diameter of spring coil mm W = Wahl Correction Factor which accounts for shear stress resulting from the springs curvature W=4C-14C-4+0.615C C=Dd Considering Spring 1 Fmax= K1Ãâ€"Length of stroke=5.771Ãâ€"7.367=42.515 N/mm2 D=7.62 mm and d=1.02 mm ?C=Dd= 7.621.02=7.4705 W=4C-14C-4+0.615C= 4Ãâ€"7.4705-14Ãâ€"7.4705-4+0.6157.4705=1.1982 tmax= 8FmaxDWpd3= 8Ãâ€"42.515 Ãâ€"7.62Ãâ€"1.1982pÃâ€"1.023=931.113 N/mm2 Considering Spring 2 Fmax= K1Ãâ€"Length of stroke=14.638Ãâ€"7.367=108.17 N/mm2 D=7.55 mm and d=1.25 mm ?C=Dd= 7.551.25=6.04 W=4C-14C-4+0.615C= 4Ãâ€"6.04-14Ãâ€"6.04-4+0.6156.04=1.2506 tmax= 8FmaxDWpd3= 8Ãâ€"108.17 Ãâ€"7.55Ãâ€"1.2506pÃâ€"1.253=1331.119 N/mm2 CHAPTER 3 INITIAL MANUFACTURING DESIGN ANALYSIS 3.1 Dimensions The dimensions of all the main components; piston, springs, cylinder and valves had been obtained from the calculations and graphical analysis made above. However, the detailed dimensions of all components namely; pump body (left and right side), cylinder and liners, piston, springs and valves are shown in the CAD drawing in appendix 13. 3.2 Tolerances Tolerance for Stroke Length The statistical tolerance of the stoke length was calculated using integral method, which is much more effective than an additional tolerance. Given the tolerance of the flow rate as  ± 0.1litres/min, the tolerance of the frequency was assumed to be  ± 5 cycles/sec under normal distribution condition. The tolerance of the stroke length was calculated as follows: Standard deviation s=Tolerance3 Ãâ€"Cp where Cp=process capability index In general manufacturing industry, a process capability index (Cp) of 1.33is considered acceptable. Therefore Cp Flow rateQ=1  ±0.1 lit/min= 1.667 Ãâ€"104  ±1.667 Ãâ€"103mm3/sec   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÏÆ'Q=3.33 Ãâ€"1033 Ãâ€"1.33=8.356 Ãâ€"102 Frequency F= 45  ±5 cycles/sec (Assuming a Normal distributed variable)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ÏÆ'f=103 Ãâ€"1.33=2.506 Therefore the flow rate and frequency could be written as; Q ~ N 1.667 Ãâ€"104 , 8.356 Ãâ€"102 mm3/sec f ~ N 45 , 2.506 cycles/sec Q = Volumetime=Volume Ãâ€"frequency = Ï€ d2 L4 Ãâ€"f ∠´L= 4QÏ€d2f Using differential tolerance: ÏÆ'∅2= i=1n∂∅∂xi2 ÏÆ'xi2 ÏÆ'L2= ∂L∂Q2ÏÆ'Q2+ ∂L∂f2ÏÆ'f2+ ∂L∂d22ÏÆ'd2 ÏÆ'L2= 4Ï€ 1ÃŽ ¼d2 Ãâ€"ÃŽ ¼f2ÏÆ'Q2+ ÃŽ ¼QÃŽ ¼d2 Ãâ€"ÃŽ ¼f22ÏÆ'f2+ ÃŽ ¼QÃŽ ¼d3 Ãâ€"ÃŽ ¼f2ÏÆ'd2 Ãâ€"2 ∠´Tolerance=ÏÆ'3 Ãâ€"Cp The standard deviations and tolerances of the stoke length were calculated using the above equations, while varying the diameter from 1 to 20 mm, and the results were plotted out (see appendix 14). Tolerance for Piston Principal Stress Assuming a normally distributed around the maximum principal stress acting on the piston, the standard deviation and the tolerance of the maximum principal stress was calculated using the load distribution obtained in appendix 11. ∠´3ÏÆ'=3.2918-0.5772=2.7146 Tolerance=CpÃâ€"3ÏÆ'=1.33Ãâ€"2.7146=3.6104 N/mm2 Upper and lower limit=3.61042= ± 1.8052 N/mm2 Tolerance for Springs Shear Stress Also assuming a normally distributed around the maximum shear stress acting on the springs, the standard deviation and the tolerance of the maximum shear stress was calculated using the load distribution obtained in appendix 12. For spring 1: ∠´3ÏÆ'=931.113-0=931.113 Tolerance=CpÃâ€"3ÏÆ'=1.33Ãâ€"931.113=1238.38 N/mm2 Upper and lower limit=1238.382= ± 619.19 N/mm2 For spring 2: ∠´3ÏÆ'=1331.119-0=1331.119 Tolerance=CpÃâ€"3ÏÆ'=1.33Ãâ€"1331.119=1770.39 N/mm2 Upper and lower limit=1770.392= ± 885.195 N/mm2 3.3 Fits The components that are fitted into the cylinder, namely; cylinder liner, piston springs 1 and 2 are almost of equal diameter. But because of the consideration of the fits and limits to give some allowance a transition fit was chosen from â€Å"Data Sheet 4500A British Standard selected ISO Fits-Hole Basis†. Since it fell in between the nominal size of 0 6 mm, the transition fit selected was H700.015 for the hole and k60-0.009 for the shaft5. 3.4 Material Selection Piston and Cylinder The piston and the cylinder are to be made of stainless steel grade 431. This is due to the prevention of fracture which could be caused by principal stress. From the maximum principal stress obtained for the piston above (3.2986 N/mm2 = 3.2986 MPa), it is sure that the material which has a yield strength of 655 MPa will be able to prevent failure. Also the other reason for choosing this material is because of its high resistance to corrosion6. Since the piston and cylinder interacts with the fluid, which increases the tendency for corrosion to occur, it is quite safe to use a highly corrosion resistance material like this. It is also very easily machined in annealed condition. The properties of the stainless steel grade 431are shown in appendix 156. Springs The springs are to be made of stainless steel grade 316. This is also due to the strength of the grade in preventing fracture, breakage and buckling of the spring due to the shear stress acting on it. From the maximum shear stress calculated above (1331.119 N/mm2 = 1.331 GPa), it is sure that this grade of stainless steel with an elastic modulus of 193 GPa will be able to withstand the compression. The material is also highly corrosion resistant and relatively easy to machine. The other properties of the stainless steel grade 316 are shown in appendix 156. Valves The valves are to be made of polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE, which is a thermoplastic. This was chosen because the material has to be light and can easily float. Also, it has very low coefficient of friction, which reduces the fluid drag force and wears on the piston and spring. 3.5 Surface Finish The surface finishing chosen for the manufacturing of the parts was to be 0.8  µm Ra. This is to reduce friction and rate of wear, because there are lots of parts moving against each other. The grinding process requires a very great accuracy because it is a relatively delicate manufacturing process. 3.6 Geometric Tolerance In obtaining the tolerance of the components, since algebraic addition of tolerances is very unrealistic and will not be efficient, the tolerances of components that fit into each other were taken from the â€Å"Data Sheet 4500A British Standard selected ISO Fits-Hole Basis†5. These are show below S/No Parts Dimensions (mm) Tolerances (mm) Drawings 1 Cylinder 11.00 + 0.015 2 Cylinder liner 8.00 0.009 3 Piston 2.00 0.006 4 Spring 1 17.00  ± 0.0015 3.7 Process Selection The manufacturing processes of the various parts of the pump will be very important aspects of the design.The parts to be manufactured are pump body, cylinder liners and piston. It will take a great deal of accuracy in carrying out the process, because the geometry of the parts is very delicate. Any wrong dimension will affect the output or operation of the pump. There are three steps in manufacturing the components mentioned above. Firstly, all the components would be manufactured by casting, which would probably not give the accurate dimensions. Then a turning/boring process can then be carried out, using a CNC or lathe machines, to achieve better dimension. The last process is the surface finish, which gives a smoother and precise dimension. It is relatively easier to manufacture the components by this method because of the intricacies of the geometry and dimensions, and also the materials chosen are easily machined. The manufacturing process of the springs would not be considered in this report because they are provided by suppliers. CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OPTIMISATION 4.1 Component Manufacturing Risk Assessment Component Name Pump Body (Left Right Side) Calculation of qm Drawing number 001 mp = 1 Ãâ€" 1.6 = 1.6 gp = 1.7 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1.1 Ãâ€" 1.1 = 2.057 Ajustable tol= Design tolmpÃâ€"gp = + 0.0151.6 Ãâ€"2.057=+0.00455 tp = 1.7Ãâ€"1 = 1.7 sp = 1 Ãâ€" 1.3 = 1.3 qm = 1.7 Ãâ€" 1.3 = 2.21 Manufacturing variability risk, qm = 2.21 Material 431 Stainless Steel Manufacturing Process Turning/Boring Characteristic Description Holes at centre to edge Characteristic Dimension 8 mm Design Tolerance + 0.015 Surface Roughness 0.8 µm Ra Component Name Piston Calculation of qm Drawing number 005 mp = 1 Ãâ€" 1.6 = 1.6 gp = 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1 Ãâ€" 1.1 = 1.1 Ajustable tol= Design tolmpÃâ€"gp = 0.0061.6 Ãâ€"1.1=0.0034 tp = 1.7Ãâ€"1 = 1.7 sp = 1 Ãâ€" 1 = 1 qm = 1.7 Ãâ€" 1 = 1.7 Manufacturing variability risk, qm =1.7 Material 431 Stainless Steel Manufacturing Process Turning/Boring Characteristic Description Holes at centre to edge Characteristic Dimension 2 mm Design Tolerance 0.002, -0.008 Surface Roughness 0.8 µm Ra  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The values of the component manufacturing risk analysis obtained above are considerably with a low risk. This shows that the processes chosen for the manufacturing of the components are acceptable. 4.2 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) The failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is an analytical technique performed to ensure that all possible failure modes of the piston pump have being identified and address. Below are the predicted failure modes of each components of the piston pump, the caused, effects and the suggested solutions: It can be seen from the FMEA above that the spring breakage has the greatest severity, but the wear on all the components has the greatest risk priority number. This is because wear would be experience by the customer over time of use which made the risk priority number very high. Therefore, while desig

Differential Association Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sutherland’s Differential Association Born August 13, 1883 in Gibbon, Nebraska, Edwin H. Sutherland grew up and studied in Ottawa, Kansas, and Grand Island, Nebraska. After receiving his B.A degree from Grand Island College in 1904, he taught Latin, Greek, History, and shorthand for two years at Sioux Falls College in South Dakota. In 1906 he left Sioux Falls College and entered graduate school at the University of Chicago from which he received his doctorate. (Gaylord, 1988:7-12) While attending the University of Chicago he changed his major from history to sociology. Much of his study was influenced by the Chicago approach to the study of crime that emphasized human behavior as determined by social and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic or personal characteristics. (Gaylord, 1988:7-12) With his studies completed he began work at the University of Minnesota from 1926 to 1929 where his reputation as a leading criminologist was enhanced. At this time, his focus became sociology as a scientific enterprise whose goal was the understanding and control of social problems, including crime. (Gaylord, 1988:13) After his time at Minnesota he moved to Indiana University and founded the Bloomington School of Criminology at Indiana University. While at Indiana, he published 3 books, including Twenty Thousand Homeless Men (1936), The Professional Thief (1937), and the third edition of Principles of Criminology (1939). Finally in 1939 he was elected president of the American Sociological Society, and in 1940 was elected president of the Sociological Research Association. Similar in importance to strain theory and social control theory, Differential Association theory was Sutherland's major sociological contribution to criminology; . These theories all explain deviance in terms of the individual's social relationships. By attributing the cause of crime to the social context of individuals, Differential Association departs from the pathological perspective and biological perspective. "He rejected biological determinism and the extreme individualism of psychiatry, as well as economic explanations of crime. His search for an alternative understanding of crime led to the development of Differential Association theory. In contrast to both classical and biological theories, Differential Associat... ...s Sutherland a pioneer for all criminologists. Works Cited: Akers, Ronald L.. (1996). Is differential association/social learning cultural deviance theory? Criminology. Gaylord, Mark S and John F. Galliher. (1988). The criminology of Edwin Sutherland. Transaction, Inc Jacoby, Joseph E.. (1994). Classics of criminology. Waveland press, Inc. Matseuda, Ross L.. (1988). The current state of differential association theory. Crime and Delinquency (July 1988). Sage Publication Pfohl, Stephen. (1994). Images of deviance and social control. McGraw-Hill, Inc. Skinner, William F. and Anne M. Fream(1997). A social learning theory analysis of computer crime among college student. Journal of research in crime and delinquency. Sage Publication Sutherland, Edwin H.. (1974). Criminology. J.B. Lippincott Company Sutherland, Edwin H.. (1961). White-collar crime. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc Sutherland, Edwin H.. (1937). The professional thief. The university of Chicago. Tittle, Charles R. and Mary Jean Burke(1986). Modeling Sutherland’s theory of differential association: Toward an empirical clarification. Social Forces. Warr, Mark (1993). Parents, Peers, and Delinquency. Social forces.